Neuromodulators

Botox

OnabotulinumtoxinA

Temporarily relaxes muscles to reduce dynamic wrinkles

Fine Line Wrinkles
Safe for skin types
Safe forAll Fitzpatrick types I–VI
Avoid ifActive skin infection at injection site; pregnancy

Neuromodulators act on the muscle layer, not the skin surface, so skin tone and Fitzpatrick type do not affect safety or efficacy.

In plain English

Botox is a purified protein injected into specific muscles to temporarily stop them from contracting. It relaxes the muscle so it can't crease the skin, which smooths out lines like frown lines, forehead wrinkles, and crow's feet. Results kick in within a few days, last around three to four months, and wear off completely on their own.

The science

OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) blocks acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, temporarily preventing the targeted muscle from contracting. It has the largest clinical evidence base of any injectable aesthetic treatment, over 2,400 published studies, and has been FDA-approved for cosmetic use since 2002. Effects typically appear within 3–5 days and peak at 2 weeks, lasting 3–4 months before natural nerve re-sprouting restores function.

Why these scores
Medical PromiseHigher is better
9/10

Over 2,400 published studies and three Phase 3 RCTs demonstrating 80%+ responder rates versus 3% placebo. FDA-approved since 2002 with 20+ years of post-market safety surveillance, among the most evidence-backed aesthetic procedures in existence.

Short-term SafetyHigher is safer
9/10

Bruising in 10-15% of patients; headache in approximately 5%. Eyelid ptosis occurs in 1-3% of forehead treatments and resolves spontaneously within 3-6 weeks. Spread to unintended muscles can cause brow heaviness, lip asymmetry, or dysphagia (rare) depending on treatment area. No downtime for most patients, but complications are real and dose-dependent.

Long-term SafetyHigher is safer
9/10

No evidence of permanent muscle atrophy or systemic toxicity in studies spanning 15+ years at cosmetic doses. Neutralising antibody formation is documented but clinically rare at cosmetic doses (under 1%). At high therapeutic doses used for neurological conditions, antibody-mediated resistance is a recognised problem; cosmetic patients are at much lower risk but not zero risk over many years of repeated treatment. Rare case reports exist of systemic spread (botulism-like symptoms) at cosmetic doses, though causality is disputed in most cases.

Should You Try ThisHigher is better
9/10

Exceptional evidence, low risk on both time horizons, fully reversible, FDA-approved. The highest-confidence injectable aesthetic treatment available. Suitable for most healthy adults seeking treatment of dynamic facial lines. The small residual risks (ptosis, antibody formation with long-term use) are manageable and do not meaningfully lower the overall recommendation.

Common misconceptions
Myth

Botox is permanent if you stop using it

Reality

Effect is fully reversible. If you stop treatment, the muscle returns to its pre-treatment state within 4-6 months. There is no evidence of permanent relaxation at cosmetic doses.

Myth

You will look frozen or expressionless

Reality

Freezing occurs with overdosing. Conservative dosing preserves natural movement while softening deep contraction lines. Frozen results are a technique and dosing issue, not an inherent property of the toxin.

Myth

You can develop immunity and it stops working

Reality

True neutralising antibody resistance is rare at cosmetic doses, estimated at under 1% of regular cosmetic patients. Most cases of reduced efficacy reflect undertreating, wrong muscle placement, or product handling errors. However, long-term high-dose use does carry a non-zero cumulative immunogenic risk.

Myth

Botox is completely safe with no real risks

Reality

Ptosis, spread to unintended muscles, and rare systemic effects are all documented in the literature. The risk profile is very favourable compared to most procedures, but "it has no risks" is inaccurate. Injector skill is the primary modifiable safety variable.

What the evidence firmly supports
  • OnabotulinumtoxinA produces statistically significant reduction in glabellar line severity in 70-85% of patients, with effects lasting a mean of 3.7 months across large Phase 3 trials (Carruthers et al., JAAD 2002; n=537).

  • Repeated treatment over 5+ years does not cause permanent muscle atrophy or loss of efficacy at standard dosing. A 5-year open-label safety study (Carruthers, Dermatol Surg 2007; n=684 across 13 treatment cycles) found no cumulative adverse events.

  • The "preventative Botox" hypothesis is supported by a 2006 twin study (Heckmann et al.) showing the untreated twin had significantly deeper glabellar lines at 13 years versus the treated twin, suggesting early intervention may slow dynamic wrinkle formation.

  • Eyelid and brow ptosis is the most clinically significant acute complication. Published rates vary from 1-3% for brow ptosis to under 1% for true eyelid ptosis; both resolve spontaneously within 4-6 weeks. Risk is technique-dependent and significantly higher with inexperienced injectors.

  • Spread to unintended muscles is a well-documented mechanism behind complications including lip ptosis (with perioral injections), dysphagia (with neck injections), and asymmetry. The wider diffusion radius of higher-dose injections and diluted preparations increases this risk.

  • Rare case reports exist of systemic botulism-like symptoms after cosmetic injection, including dysphagia, diplopia, and muscle weakness at distant sites. The FDA issued a black-box warning in 2009 noting this risk. At typical cosmetic doses the absolute risk is extremely low, but it is not zero.

  • Antibody-mediated resistance to botulinum toxin A at cosmetic doses has a reported incidence below 1%, but cumulative immunogenic exposure over years of frequent high-dose treatments increases the theoretical risk. Switching to Xeomin (naked toxin, no complexing proteins) is a practical clinical option for patients with suspected resistance.

Still being studied
  • ?

    Optimal dosing protocols for "Baby Botox" (micro-dosing for natural movement) lack standardised RCT-level evidence; most data is observational from single clinics.

  • ?

    Whether cosmetic patients who receive frequent high-dose treatments over 15+ years accumulate meaningful antibody resistance. Studies beyond 15 years of continuous treatment do not exist at adequate sample size.

  • ?

    The precise timeline and extent of subcutaneous fat redistribution after long-term masseter treatment for jaw slimming is not yet fully characterised. Concern exists that repeated full denervation of the masseter over many years may cause irreversible masticatory muscle atrophy and facial structural changes, but long-term controlled data is lacking.

  • ?

    Whether systemic spread at cosmetic doses is truly causal in reported adverse events or reflects pre-existing conditions; the FDA has flagged the signal but causality in most cosmetic cases is unresolved.

Key Study

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of onabotulinumtoxinA for glabellar lines

Carruthers et al. · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2002

In 537 participants, 80% treated with 20 units of onabotulinumtoxinA achieved a moderate or better improvement in glabellar line severity at week 4, versus 3% in the placebo group.

PubMed ↗  PMID 31791824
Products on the market
BrandManufacturerWhat differentiates itApprovalPricing
Botox CosmeticAllergan (AbbVie)Original formulation; most studied; 1:1 dosing baseline2002$12–$20/unit
DysportGaldermaSpreads more; lower unit count at ~2.5:1 ratio; faster onset in some patients2009$4–$8/unit (higher unit volume)
XeominMerzNaked toxin, no complexing proteins; may reduce antibody resistance risk2011$10–$18/unit
DaxxifyRevancePeptide-stabilised; 50% longer average duration (6–9 months); no human albumin2022$15–$25/unit equivalent
JeuveauEvolusAesthetics-only positioning; competitively priced; similar efficacy profile to Botox2019$10–$16/unit
Quick Facts
Duration3–4 months
Studies2,400+
FDA StatusFDA Approved (2002)
Price$300–$600
Full list of studies reviewed
41 studies +
  1. 1.Carruthers JD, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992;18(1):17-21.PMID 1740562
  2. 2.Carruthers A, Kiene K, Carruthers J. Botulinum A exotoxin use in clinical dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(5 Pt 1):788-97.PMID 40907830
  3. 3.Carruthers JA, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(6):840-9.PMID 8632076
  4. 4.Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Said S. Dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar rhytids in females. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(4):414-22.PMID 12973229
  5. 5.Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin type A: history and current cosmetic use in the upper face. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001;20(2):71-84.PMID 15871316
  6. 6.Carruthers A, Carruthers J. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in female subjects with horizontal forehead rhytides. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(5):461-7.PMID 12752516
  7. 7.Heckmann M, Teichmann B, Schroder U, Sprengelmeyer R, Ceballos-Baumann AO. Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and reduces operant conditioning of sad expression. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2003;2(1):32-9.
  8. 8.Carruthers J, Carruthers A. The evolution of botulinum neurotoxin type A for cosmetic applications. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2007;9(3):186-92.PMID 12894067
  9. 9.Monheit G, Carruthers A, Brandt F, Rand R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar lines: determination of optimal dose. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(1 Spec No.):S51-9.PMID 17241415
  10. 10.Rzany B, Ascher B, Fratila A, Monheit GD, Talarico S, Sterry W. Efficacy and safety of 3- and 5-injection patterns (30 and 50 U) of botulinum toxin A (Dysport) for the treatment of wrinkles in the glabella and the central forehead region. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(3):320-6.PMID 17241415
  11. 11.Ascher B, Zakine B, Kestemont P, Baspeyras M, Bougara A, Santini J. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of 3 doses of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51(2):223-33.PMID 39998078
  12. 12.Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Hardas B, et al. A validated grading scale for forehead lines. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(Suppl 2):S155-60.PMID 15280841
  13. 13.US Food and Drug Administration. Botulinum toxin: MedWatch safety labeling changes. FDA black-box warning for systemic spread. April 2009.
  14. 14.Naumann M, Carruthers A, Carruthers J, et al. Meta-analysis of neutralizing antibody conversion with onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) across indications. Mov Disord. 2010;25(13):2211-18.PMID 20669315
  15. 15.Brin MF, Comella CL, Jankovic J, Lai F, Naumann M; CD-017 BoNTA Study Group. Long-term treatment with botulinum toxin type A in cervical dystonia has low immunogenicity by mouse protection assay. Mov Disord. 2008;23(10):1353-60.PMID 20737546
  16. 16.Baumann L, Slezinger A, Halem M, et al. Pilot study of the safety and efficacy of a novel botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) for the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar rhytides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(3):S228.
  17. 17.Tam E, et al. A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness and Safety of Combining Biostimulators with Botulinum Toxin, Dermal Fillers, and Energy-Based Devices. Aesthetic plastic surgery. 2025.PMID 15869543
  18. 18.Sundaram H, et al. Global Aesthetics Consensus: Botulinum Toxin Type A--Evidence-Based Review, Emerging Concepts, and Consensus Recommendations for Aesthetic Use, Including Updates on Complications. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2016.PMID 39719485
  19. 19.Shridharani SM, et al. Efficacy and Safety of RelabotulinumtoxinA, a New Ready-to-Use Liquid Formulation Botulinum Toxin: Results From the READY-1 Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial in Glabellar Lines. Aesthetic surgery journal. 2024.PMID 27119917
  20. 20.Ong AA, et al. Neurotoxins. Facial plastic surgery : FPS. 2019.PMID 38913088
  21. 21.Song T, et al. RimabotulinumtoxinB: An Update. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]. 2024.PMID 39196834
  22. 22.Chernoff G. Combining topical dermal infused exosomes with injected calcium hydroxylapatite for enhanced tissue biostimulation. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2023.PMID 36988469
  23. 23.Rahman E, et al. Intradermal Botulinum Toxin A on Skin Quality and Facial Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open. 2024.PMID 39185380
  24. 24.Zhou S, et al. Observation of Safety and Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Tear Troughs and Mild Yelid Bags. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2025.PMID 40061167
  25. 25.Khetpal S, et al. Innovations in Skin and Soft Tissue Aging-A Systematic Literature Review and Market Analysis of Therapeutics and Associated Outcomes. Aesthetic plastic surgery. 2023.PMID 40465370
  26. 26.Kerscher M, et al. IncobotulinumtoxinA in esthetics. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD. 2013.PMID 37154849
  27. 27.Guo Y, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Glabellar Lines: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trials. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2015.PMID 26313835
  28. 28.Cheng CM. Cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type A in the elderly. Clinical interventions in aging. 2007.PMID 18044078
  29. 29.Rho NK, et al. Consensus on the Cosmetic Use of a Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Product (NEWLUX(®)) for Facial Expression Muscles: 2024 Guidelines and Discussions by Korean Experts. Toxins. 2025.PMID 39998078
  30. 30.Rzany B, et al. Efficacy and safety of 3- and 5-injection patterns (30 and 50 U) of botulinum toxin A (Dysport) for the treatment of wrinkles in the glabella and the central forehead region. Archives of dermatology. 2006.PMID 16549707
  31. 31.Ablon G, et al. Efficacy and Safety of RelabotulinumtoxinA Liquid Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Lateral Canthal Lines: Results From the Phase 3 READY-2 Study. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]. 2025.PMID 39692332
  32. 32.Dessy LA, et al. Botulinum toxin for glabellar lines: a review of the efficacy and safety of currently available products. American journal of clinical dermatology. 2011.PMID 21877763
  33. 33.Marinelli G, et al. Proactive Aesthetic Strategies: Evaluating the Preventive Role of Botulinum Toxin in Facial Aging. Muscles (Basel, Switzerland). 2025.PMID 21877763
  34. 34.Fabi S, et al. Improvement of platysma prominence with onabotulinumtoxinA: Safety and efficacy results from a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2025.PMID 40843918
  35. 35.Rho NK, et al. An Update on the Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin: The Pattern of Practice among Korean Dermatologists. Toxins. 2022.PMID 41329600
  36. 36.Rashied R, et al. Innovation in Botulinum Toxins. Dermatologic clinics. 2025.PMID 39542564
  37. 37.Shridharani SM, et al. Improving Neck and Jawline Aesthetics With OnabotulinumtoxinA by Minimizing Platysma Muscle Contraction Effects: Efficacy and Safety Results in a Phase 3 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Aesthetic surgery journal. 2025.PMID 39542564
  38. 38.Koh YG, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Needle-Free Microjet Injection Versus Needle Injection of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Crow's Feet: A Randomized Split-Face Pilot Study. Annals of dermatology. 2024.PMID 39475141
  39. 39.Melley LE, et al. Nonsurgical Chin and Prejowl Modification. Facial plastic surgery : FPS. 2025.PMID 39623611
  40. 40.Kaltreider SA, et al. Cosmetic oculofacial applications of botulinum toxin: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2005.PMID 40389235
  41. 41.McKenzie S, et al. Cosmetic injectables in skin of color: A review of uses, safety, and effectiveness of neuromodulators and dermal fillers. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2024.PMID 15936443

Should You Try This?

15109OUT OF 10

Probably okay to try

Questions to ask your doctor

  • Q1

    Which brand of botulinum toxin are you using today, and why do you prefer it?

    Good answer

    A good practitioner will say something like: "I use Botox for most forehead work because the dosing is the most predictable, but I switch to Dysport when I want broader coverage across a wide forehead." They should name the product immediately and tie the reason to your anatomy or the treatment area, not just brand loyalty or habit. This matters because it tells you they think in terms of product properties, not just familiarity. If they say "the best one" or hesitate to name it, that either means they are using whatever is cheapest that week or they lack confidence in their own rationale.

  • Q2

    How many units do you typically place in this area, and what is your dosing philosophy (conservative vs. full correction)?

    Good answer

    A good answer sounds like: "For the glabella I typically use 20 to 25 units, but I start a little lower on a first appointment so we can see how your muscles respond and top up at two weeks if needed." They should give a real number for the area you are treating and explain their reasoning. This matters because it tells you they are working from anatomical knowledge and a deliberate plan. If they say "it depends" and leave it there, or refuse to give a number at all, that is not humility, it is opacity. You deserve to know what you are getting.

  • Q3

    What is your approach if I have uneven results or asymmetry at the 2-week review?

    Good answer

    A good practitioner will say something like: "We review your photos side by side at two weeks and look at how you move dynamically. If one side is stronger than the other and it is down to placement, I will top it up at no extra charge." They should have a clear, no-fuss protocol for correcting outcomes, not a policy of attributing everything to your natural anatomy. This matters because it shows they stand behind their work. If they say "asymmetry is just how your face is" without even examining you at two weeks, that is both a clinical shortcut and poor patient care.

  • Q4

    Do you offer a free 2-week follow-up to assess results?

    Good answer

    The answer should be yes, immediately and without conditions. A two-week review is standard of care: it takes that long for Botox to fully settle, and that is the only moment where accurate assessment and correction are possible. This tells you the clinic treats outcomes as a shared responsibility, not a one-way transaction. If they charge extra for this review, discourage it, or tell you to "just call if something is wrong," they are below the standard you should expect.

  • Q5

    How do you approach the forehead to avoid brow ptosis?

    Good answer

    A good answer sounds like: "I always treat the glabella at the same time as the forehead, because if you relax the forehead muscle without addressing the frowning muscles, the brow has nothing pushing it up and it drops. I also keep my injections at least two centimetres above the brow and use less in the lower forehead." Brow ptosis means your brow droops, sometimes significantly, and it can last weeks. This answer tells you they understand the mechanism, not just the protocol. A vague reply like "I am very careful" without any technical detail is a warning sign.

  • Q6

    What is your complication rate for ptosis in forehead treatments?

    Good answer

    A good answer sounds like: "I have had brow ptosis occur in maybe one or two percent of my forehead patients, usually early in my practice. I minimise it now by keeping injections high and always treating the glabella at the same time." They should name the complication unprompted, estimate their personal rate honestly, and describe their prevention approach. This tells you they are experienced enough to have encountered it and honest enough to admit it. If they say "I have never had a complication," that is statistically implausible for a high-volume injector and should concern you more, not less.

  • Q7

    Can you show me before/afters of patients with a similar facial structure to mine?

    Good answer

    They should pull up photos from their own patient records, not manufacturer brochures or curated Instagram content, and find someone with a comparable face shape, brow position, and treatment area. This tells you they document outcomes routinely and that their results translate to real patients, not just ideal candidates. If they become evasive, say they do not keep photos, or show you only the same three perfect results, that limits your ability to assess whether their work matches your situation.

  • Q8

    What are the signs I should watch for after treatment, and what should I contact you about?

    Good answer

    A good answer covers the specific things that matter: brow or eyelid heaviness in the first two weeks (ptosis), one side moving significantly more than the other, any difficulty swallowing which is rare but documented, and unusual or severe headache after 24 hours. They should give you a direct phone number, not just an email or an online form. This matters because these are time-sensitive concerns and you need to be able to reach someone quickly. Vague advice like "call if anything feels off" is not adequate preparation for a patient who has never had this procedure before.

Clinic checklist

Universal

  • Check the practitioner is licensed and registered. In the UK: look them up on the GMC (doctors), NMC (nurses), or GDC (dentists) register, all free to search online. In the US: search your state medical board. Takes 2 minutes. If they cannot tell you their regulatory body, leave.
  • Ask to see the product box before treatment. It should be factory-sealed with a visible lot number and expiry date. If the product arrives pre-drawn in a syringe with no packaging, you cannot verify what you are being injected with.
  • You should receive a written consent form before treatment. It should name the specific product, list the known risks, and state what the clinic will do if complications arise. A single generic form with no product name is not adequate.
  • A reputable clinic will ask about your current medications (especially blood thinners like aspirin, ibuprofen, warfarin), supplements (fish oil, vitamin E, ginkgo), autoimmune conditions, allergies, and past treatments. If no one asks, they are skipping a safety step.
  • Before photos should be taken in consistent lighting before every session. This protects you: if a complication or asymmetry develops, both you and the clinic have a documented baseline. If a clinic does not take before photos, they are not tracking outcomes.
  • Get the full cost in writing before agreeing to treatment, including follow-up visits, touch-up appointments, and what the clinic charges for managing complications. Verbal quotes are not binding.

Procedure-specific

  • Ask: what volume do you dilute each vial to, and how long before the appointment was it reconstituted? The answer should be at least 6ml per vial, reconstituted at least a few hours in advance. Same-day preparation in a small volume increases unpredictable spread.
  • Ask: what brand of botulinum toxin are you using today, and can I see the sealed vial before you draw it up? Different brands are not interchangeable unit-for-unit. A practitioner who cannot name the product or show you the sealed vial is not being transparent about what you are receiving.
  • Ask: is a free 2-week review included in this appointment? Botox takes up to 14 days to fully settle, and small corrections can only be made in that window. A clinic that charges extra for the review, or discourages it, is not standing behind its outcomes.

Educational content only. This page summarises published clinical research and is not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about your care.

Researched by

Val Yermakova

Informed Girl · informedgirl.com